Mystique of that Smile

Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci in approximately 1503 AD. It features the figure of a woman identified as Mona (or Madame) Lisa La Giocando who was the wife of a wealthy Florence businessman of the time. The painting originally included a column on either side of Mona Lisa which framed a mountainous background. It was painted on wood, and after Leonardo da Vinci’s death, the panels were cut down on either side resulting in the panel we see today.

Mona Lisa’s beautiful smile appears to change and her eyes seem to follow you as you move about her. Her proportions have been examined extensively, and Leonardo seems to have made extensive use of the golden proportion (PHI) in its creation.

We have outlined some of the more obvious uses of PHI in the painting here. In the overall portrait, the distance from the bottom of Mona Lisa’s right fingers to the top of her forehead is 1.618 times the distance from the bottom of her right fingers to the base of her neck. The right side of her face is then in smaller proportion to the original golden rectangle.

Some other ratios that are in golden proportion (1.618: 1) are as follows:

  • The distance starting from the base of the neck to the centre of the pupil, and the base of the neck to the top of the forehead.
  • The distance from the right side of the face to the right side of top of the nose, and the width of the face at that point.
  • The bottom of the chin to the bottom of the lips, and the bottom of the chin to the bottom of the nose

There are other examples of the use of the golden mean throughout this and other of his masterpieces. Leonardo da Vinci believed there was an aesthetic link that connected humanity and nature in the Golden Proportion. Today, the Golden Proportion is prevalent in art, architecture, music, nature – and some say even in the stock market. The balance and harmony achieved using this ratio can be readily transferred into your home’s design and décor, and can be incorporated into one of our customized rugs – ensuring a naturally pleasing addition to your home. It is important that you take the time to ensure your new rug will suit in your setting. With Coastal Style, your new rug can be custom crafted to meet your needs to the inch.

 

Student: Sourav Malakar

THE ENVIRONMENT: WHAT A STUDENT SHOULD KNOW.

Back ground

Human population and development has grown ata rate In the last 100 years.

This growth has resulted in enormous pressures on food, forests and other

natural resources. The effects of development has had an adverse Impact on

our surroundings. Unplanned and haphazard development particularly doing

the greatest damage. Clean air, water and surroundings are at premium now.

Therefore wise use of our natural resources has become vital.

Importance

If you Hve In a city you may have noticed the population in air has as you go to

school. This population Is especially high In places like Delhi, Calcutta and

Mumbal where the traffic is very dense. This Is only one of many kinds of

population problems that are up to the whose of the planets of ours the students

of to day wil be inherting this planet tomorrow. Therefore it Is important for you

to have a idea of the enivommsnt and immedtate dangers confronting it and

know few things about our environment

All species of plants and animals live on this planet In a delicate biological

and physical balance called biosphere. Our has itself comfortably for million

years for It present conditions any living organisms requires certain factors to

essential that the natural habit is not encroached upon many and may take few

years to destroy. Nature may take 1000 of years to rectify it is our responsibility

to converse the planet as we are the main culprits. The union environment

minister suresh prabhu indicated in April 1998 that environment will become a

compulsory subject in school and college education soon, probably in 1999-

2000.

June 5th Is observed as world environment day.

Student: C. Alekhya

 

土地经营权流转的制度分析 —以江苏省两县区为例

土地经营权流转的制度分析 —以江苏省两县区为例

推动土地流转、发展农业规模经营已成为全国性的热潮。借由土地经营权的流转,政府、企业、村委会、村民各有获益。但在看似皆大欢喜的局面下,却存在制度上的隐忧。本文通过对江苏省两县区的实地调研表明,在经济较不发达的地区,乡镇政府通过严格的合同鉴证程序,事实上拥有了土地经营权流转合同的审批权;又由于缺乏完善的土地确权和登记体系,县级以上政府难以对乡镇政府进行有效的监督。因此乡镇政府权力的急剧膨胀,可能进一步带来流转价格不市场化、土地流转后续程序难以解决等问题。土地流转制度的改革,应从改变鉴证制度、建立市场化的土地价格体系、加强土地确权登记等方面着手。

关键词:土地流转 三权分立 制度风险 乡镇政府 鉴证

 

孙婧文

Tiger Trivia

  • In a poll conducted by Animal Planet TV Channel, the tiger was voted as the world’s favorite animal, narrowly beating the dog. Tigers received 21% of the votes and the dogs 20%.
  • A tiger can only usually expect a one in twenty success rate when bringing down a prey.
  • It is believed that the two white dots on the back of a tiger’s ears are designed to act as a visual beacon to enable the cubs to follow their parents.
  • Almost all of the captive white tigers have descended from a wild white Bengal tiger named ‘Mohan’ that was captured in India in the 1950s.
  • In spite of being the biggest of all cats, Tigers cannot ‘purr’.
  • Tigers in the Sunderbans are known to feed on fish and crabs.
  • Tiger cubs are usually born between March and July.
  • At night, a tiger can see well! The night vision of a tiger is six times better than that of a human being.

Student: Piyush Kumar

The Master

“So, did you accept it?”

“Of course, I had to; it was the Pope who asked!”

“But you’re a sculptor – you hardly paint!”

“Christ was a carpenter. Sometimes you have to change your profession if a higher authority

asks you to.”

Michelangelo Buonarroti and his apprentice Silvio walked down the rest of the steps of the

Papal residence in silence. It was a warm summer day at Rome and everyone hoped it would

rain soon. However the villa of Pope Julian II, surrounded by vineyards and farms, was on

the outskirts of the city where the weather was more clement. A horse-drawn carriage with

the Papal emblem on it was waiting for them at the bottom of the marble steps. They got in

and it sped off across the pebbled driveway and towards Rome.

“So what exactly do you have to do?” Silvio broke the silence, interrupting Michelangelo’s

train of thoughts. He was known for his short temper, but somehow it never reflected on

Silvio. He just couldn’t be angry at his 18 year old apprentice. Silvio talked too much, but he

was the best student he ever had. He remembers the first time Silvio came to him. His father

was a Florentine fruit merchant and had brought him to the master. Michelangelo had looked

at Silvio for a moment, and then asked him to draw the most beautiful thing he had ever seen,

in under a minute. This was how the master tested. Most aspiring candidates would attempt

portraits of mythical heroes, gods and churches, and would break down in tears after

Michelangelo handed them back their unfinished sketches. But what Silvio did was

something extraordinary; Michelangelo shook his father’s hand and kissed Silvio on the

forehead, a sign of his acceptance as an apprentice.

Silvio had drawn a perfect circle – the most beautiful thing in the world.

“So what exactly do you have to do?” Silvio asked again. The only reason Michelangelo

brought him along was because he was his favorite student. He was beginning to regret that.

Nevertheless he replied.

“Do you know of the Capella Sistina at the Vatican?”

“The Sistine Chapel? In the Apostolic Palace?”

“Yes. That one.”

“Aren’t all the walls painted there? I think Ghirlandaio and Botticelli got there before you.

You don’t have an inch to paint!”

“I do, young Silvio.” Michelangelo said calmly. “Sometimes one must look up to the

heavens. The walls are covered, but the ceiling isn’t. Pope Julian II asked me to paint the

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.”

“It will be a difficult task, Signor Michelangelo. Painting vertical at that great height; and the

ceiling must be a quarter of an acre!”

Michelangelo smiled. “That is the least of my problems, son. I haven’t got the first clue of

what to paint on it.”

They didn’t speak a word for the rest of the journey. When they reached home, Michelangelo

locked himself in his study. He didn’t even open the door for food or drink. Silvio returned

to the studio and idly scribbled on a paper with a piece of charcoal.

The next morning they traveled to the Sistine chapel. Silvio had been there hundreds of

times, but this was different. Today the chapel was a bit too silent, like a gigantic beast

waiting, slowly breathing. Silvio watched as Michelangelo paced walls, stroking his fingers

over all the frescoes on the walls, as if to find some help, some guidance.

Then they both looked up.

The white ceiling of this chapel spread over their heads like a vast snow desert. Its blank

expanse was haunting.

“I don’t know, I don’t know,” muttered the master. He closed his eyes and put his hand over

his face.

“Maybe you could paint scenes from the Bible.” Silvio suggested.

“Yes, but what? Have you seen that vast ceiling? I would die before I could cover that

behemoth with paint.”

He closed his eyes again. A few moments later, he opened them, pointed a bony finger at

Silvio and said, “Go to the Papal Archives. Read the Old Testament properly. See if you can

find anything useful.”

“Will I be allowed there? I mean, I’m just a -”

“Tell them Michelangelo Buonarroti sent you.”

When Silvio returned that evening, Michelangelo was already home. He was making some

sketches. Crumpled sheets of paper and broken wood pencils were strewn everywhere. He

checked Silvio’s notes and tossed them aside. Silvio was disappointed, but he couldn’t

complain. If the greatest artist of the times couldn’t come up with an idea, how could his

novice.

Three days passed. Every morning they would go to the Chapel, stare at the walls and the

ceiling for hours, and come back. Michelangelo would lock himself up in his room and

wouldn’t come out. He was getting frailer by the day.

One night Silvio was in his study, buried in texts, treatises and theses. Michelangelo was in

barricaded his room. The servants were reheating his food for the fourth time when there was

a knock on the door.

A servant went to open it. Silvio came out to see who it was. He saw the visitor and froze. He

stood there gaping with awe.

It was the genius and his master’s greatest rival, Leonardo da Vinci.

“Greetings, is your master home?” asked the bearded man. Like always, he was dressed quite

shabbily.

“Y-y-yes, Signor Leonardo,” stammered Silvio. The servants hurried away to fetch wine for

the guest. “Go right in.”

Da Vinci walked up to Michelangelo’s study door and called, “Michel, open, it’s Leo.”

A few moments later the door unbolted from the inside and Da Vinci walked in. He closed

the door behind him. Silvio sat outside, his mind racing, wondering what they were talking

about inside.

After an hour Da Vinci left. Silvio rushed inside his master’s room, forgetting strict

instructions against doing so. He found Michelangelo looking outside the window.

“What did he say, signor?” cried Silvio.

Michelangelo whispered. “The origin, the beginning…”

“What does it mean? Say something!” screamed Silvio, getting very impatient.

“I have got it Silvio; I know what to do…” Michelangelo said, his eyes gazing across the

Roman night sky.

“What? What will you paint?”

Michelangelo did not speak. Instead, he pointed towards his table. Silvio ran to it. There was

only one book which was open. It was the Bible, translated by St Jerome. Silvio read the

familiar verse that had been marked by a red pencil. He had read that verse several times

throughout his life. But this time, it meant something else, something new to him.

It was Genesis 2:7.

“And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground…”

Silvio looked towards Michelangelo. The great man was still staring out of the window,

crying.

 

Student: Krishnaroop Chaudhuri