The Master

“So, did you accept it?”

“Of course, I had to; it was the Pope who asked!”

“But you’re a sculptor – you hardly paint!”

“Christ was a carpenter. Sometimes you have to change your profession if a higher authority

asks you to.”

Michelangelo Buonarroti and his apprentice Silvio walked down the rest of the steps of the

Papal residence in silence. It was a warm summer day at Rome and everyone hoped it would

rain soon. However the villa of Pope Julian II, surrounded by vineyards and farms, was on

the outskirts of the city where the weather was more clement. A horse-drawn carriage with

the Papal emblem on it was waiting for them at the bottom of the marble steps. They got in

and it sped off across the pebbled driveway and towards Rome.

“So what exactly do you have to do?” Silvio broke the silence, interrupting Michelangelo’s

train of thoughts. He was known for his short temper, but somehow it never reflected on

Silvio. He just couldn’t be angry at his 18 year old apprentice. Silvio talked too much, but he

was the best student he ever had. He remembers the first time Silvio came to him. His father

was a Florentine fruit merchant and had brought him to the master. Michelangelo had looked

at Silvio for a moment, and then asked him to draw the most beautiful thing he had ever seen,

in under a minute. This was how the master tested. Most aspiring candidates would attempt

portraits of mythical heroes, gods and churches, and would break down in tears after

Michelangelo handed them back their unfinished sketches. But what Silvio did was

something extraordinary; Michelangelo shook his father’s hand and kissed Silvio on the

forehead, a sign of his acceptance as an apprentice.

Silvio had drawn a perfect circle – the most beautiful thing in the world.

“So what exactly do you have to do?” Silvio asked again. The only reason Michelangelo

brought him along was because he was his favorite student. He was beginning to regret that.

Nevertheless he replied.

“Do you know of the Capella Sistina at the Vatican?”

“The Sistine Chapel? In the Apostolic Palace?”

“Yes. That one.”

“Aren’t all the walls painted there? I think Ghirlandaio and Botticelli got there before you.

You don’t have an inch to paint!”

“I do, young Silvio.” Michelangelo said calmly. “Sometimes one must look up to the

heavens. The walls are covered, but the ceiling isn’t. Pope Julian II asked me to paint the

ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.”

“It will be a difficult task, Signor Michelangelo. Painting vertical at that great height; and the

ceiling must be a quarter of an acre!”

Michelangelo smiled. “That is the least of my problems, son. I haven’t got the first clue of

what to paint on it.”

They didn’t speak a word for the rest of the journey. When they reached home, Michelangelo

locked himself in his study. He didn’t even open the door for food or drink. Silvio returned

to the studio and idly scribbled on a paper with a piece of charcoal.

The next morning they traveled to the Sistine chapel. Silvio had been there hundreds of

times, but this was different. Today the chapel was a bit too silent, like a gigantic beast

waiting, slowly breathing. Silvio watched as Michelangelo paced walls, stroking his fingers

over all the frescoes on the walls, as if to find some help, some guidance.

Then they both looked up.

The white ceiling of this chapel spread over their heads like a vast snow desert. Its blank

expanse was haunting.

“I don’t know, I don’t know,” muttered the master. He closed his eyes and put his hand over

his face.

“Maybe you could paint scenes from the Bible.” Silvio suggested.

“Yes, but what? Have you seen that vast ceiling? I would die before I could cover that

behemoth with paint.”

He closed his eyes again. A few moments later, he opened them, pointed a bony finger at

Silvio and said, “Go to the Papal Archives. Read the Old Testament properly. See if you can

find anything useful.”

“Will I be allowed there? I mean, I’m just a -”

“Tell them Michelangelo Buonarroti sent you.”

When Silvio returned that evening, Michelangelo was already home. He was making some

sketches. Crumpled sheets of paper and broken wood pencils were strewn everywhere. He

checked Silvio’s notes and tossed them aside. Silvio was disappointed, but he couldn’t

complain. If the greatest artist of the times couldn’t come up with an idea, how could his

novice.

Three days passed. Every morning they would go to the Chapel, stare at the walls and the

ceiling for hours, and come back. Michelangelo would lock himself up in his room and

wouldn’t come out. He was getting frailer by the day.

One night Silvio was in his study, buried in texts, treatises and theses. Michelangelo was in

barricaded his room. The servants were reheating his food for the fourth time when there was

a knock on the door.

A servant went to open it. Silvio came out to see who it was. He saw the visitor and froze. He

stood there gaping with awe.

It was the genius and his master’s greatest rival, Leonardo da Vinci.

“Greetings, is your master home?” asked the bearded man. Like always, he was dressed quite

shabbily.

“Y-y-yes, Signor Leonardo,” stammered Silvio. The servants hurried away to fetch wine for

the guest. “Go right in.”

Da Vinci walked up to Michelangelo’s study door and called, “Michel, open, it’s Leo.”

A few moments later the door unbolted from the inside and Da Vinci walked in. He closed

the door behind him. Silvio sat outside, his mind racing, wondering what they were talking

about inside.

After an hour Da Vinci left. Silvio rushed inside his master’s room, forgetting strict

instructions against doing so. He found Michelangelo looking outside the window.

“What did he say, signor?” cried Silvio.

Michelangelo whispered. “The origin, the beginning…”

“What does it mean? Say something!” screamed Silvio, getting very impatient.

“I have got it Silvio; I know what to do…” Michelangelo said, his eyes gazing across the

Roman night sky.

“What? What will you paint?”

Michelangelo did not speak. Instead, he pointed towards his table. Silvio ran to it. There was

only one book which was open. It was the Bible, translated by St Jerome. Silvio read the

familiar verse that had been marked by a red pencil. He had read that verse several times

throughout his life. But this time, it meant something else, something new to him.

It was Genesis 2:7.

“And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground…”

Silvio looked towards Michelangelo. The great man was still staring out of the window,

crying.

 

Student: Krishnaroop Chaudhuri

Summer Science Research Program (SSRP)

The Rockefeller University Summer Science Research Program (SSRP) provides high school students with a unique and personalized opportunity to conduct hands-on research under the mentorship of leading scientists at one of the world’s premier biomedical research facilities. During this rigorous 7-week program, SSRP students become immersed in scientific culture while gaining an appreciation for the process of biomedical discovery.

Through a combination of laboratory experimentation, interactive lectures, and dynamic coursework, students will learn fundamental research techniques, become better acquainted with scientific peer-reviewed literature, and improve critical thinking. Equally as important, students will have a lot of fun — we strive to make the SSRP an inclusive and supportive environment where every student’s voice is heard and respected. Please see the Description of Coursework to read about the classes that supplement the in-lab experience. See Examples of Laboratory Projects to read about some of the past projects undertaken by SSRP students.

 

http://www.rockefeller.edu/outreach/summer_science

REMOVAL OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATION FROM WATER USING MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES

Introduction:
Water contamination is a global problem that can
result in illness and death. Consumption of
contaminated drinking water is particularly
problematic in third world countries where
inadequate purification processes, coupled with
rapidly increasing population growth and
industrialization pose serious health risks. One of
the most common and deadly contaminants found in
water is arsenic (As). Arsenic, a heavy metal, is a
key toxic contaminant in the drinking water supply
of third world countries, often exceeding 10 μg/L
maximum limit set by World Health Organization
(WHO) regulations (World Health Organization,
2006). As contamination of drinking water is also
found domestically, where 13 million people in the
United States are affected by exposure; these
numbers dramatically increase where drinking
water restrictions are less rigid. For example, 45-57
million people in Bangladesh have been exposed to
10 μg/L or more of arsenic in water (Yang, 2010).
The necessity of an effective system to remove
arsenic from water is all too great. Current methods
employed in some countries lack sensitivity, and are
only effective in dealing with large concentrations
of arsenic in water, such as 100 μg/L. These
systems often leave residual As concentrations
above the 10 μg/L restriction set by WHO,
(Pittman, 2007). System enhancements are possible,
but the cost of improvements remains prohibitive
for many areas. However, recent studies have
demonstrated that iron oxides have a high affinity
for heavy metals such as arsenic and have opened
the door as a cost-effective way to remove
pollutants from water (Yavuz et al. 2009).
Ferrofluids, which are suspensions of nanoparticles
of magnetite (a ferrous-ferric oxide), are magnetic,
stable, colloidal, and homogenous. (Maity, 2006).
Such particles are typically suspended in a carrier
and can respond to a magnetic field but retain no
residual magnetism once the field is lifted.
Magnetite nanoparticles in a liquid carrier can be
manipulated by a magnetic field, retain no residual
magnetic properties, and have demonstrated the
general iron oxide affinity for heavy metals (Yavuz
et al 2009).
In the current investigation, the adsorption of
arsenic by magnetite nanoparticles was evaluated.

Additionally, methods and conditions that facilitate
the removal of As by nanoparticles was evaluated.
Results of optimized conditions were compared to
WHO standards and data from previous studies to
accurately gauge the accuracy of results and
applications thereon. Due to the small particle size,
easy manipulation, and cost effectiveness of
production, use of magnetite nanoparticles to
remove arsenic from water could prove to be very
feasible, particularly in less industrialized countries.
Altered conditions in this investigation were pH and
the surfactant type. Three types of nanoparticles
were tested- bare (uncoated), oleic acid coated, and
humic acid coated. Different methods regarding
nanoparticle generation and coating were attempted
before the final particles were generated, and were
then coated with oleic acid (Yavuz et al. 2009) and
humic acid (Liu et al. 2008) respectively.

 Kushal Kadakia

Click here for PDF file: 2012[3]

Characterization of the Purity of Curcumin Extraction: Comparative study of UV Spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography from a Field Application Perspective

Abstract
Turmeric is a popular spice used in South Asia for both culinary and religious purposes.
It has also been used in traditional Indian medicine called Ayurveda. More recently curcumin
has been identified to be the active ingredient in turmeric, and its pharmacological basis has been
identified. The paper examines the extraction, processing and refinement of curcumin with
special emphasis on testing and characterization. This study focuses on the comparison of UV
Spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for characterizing
purity of curcumin with the view of selecting the best technique for this particular commercial
application. Field application was a key criterion in the selection. Based on the results HPLC
was selected as the technique of choice for curcumin characterization application due to various
factors such as accuracy of results, low cost, ease of use in the field, simplicity of sample
preparation, robustness, quality and reliability.

Keshav S. Thvar

Click here for PDF file: 2012[6]

Sugar: The Emerging Enemy

Sugar is an essential part of any human diet. However, high sugar intake can lead to chronic conditions such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. According to the UN, there more obese people than undernourished people. Current estimates suggest that an average American consumers 73 g of fructose each day. The food industry does not seem to recognize this problem because high sugar content in food products increases sales and profits.

 

Studies have shown that reducing sugar in the diet can dramatically reduce weight. The most harmful form of sugar is the one used in beverages and soft drinks. In terms of trends in the consumption of soft drinks in the last two decades, it is clear that a rise in soft-drink consumption is positively correlated with an increase in the number of obese individuals. And obesity and sedentary lifestyles are likely to produce diabetes.

 

Sugar is comparable to alcohol in that they are both addictive. When a person eats sugary food, the brain’s hedonic pathway, or the pleasure pathway, is activated. And as in the case of alcohol and drug abuse, which requires rehabilitation, sugar addiction may require similar intervention to fight obesity and diabetes. This clearly highlights the serious social problem of excessive sugar consumption.

 

Michael Lin